Dry Eye Disease: Causes, Symptoms and Modern Treatment Options
Dry Eye Disease (DED) is a common yet often overlooked eye condition that occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears or when tears evaporate too quickly. Tears are essential for maintaining eye comfort, clear vision, and overall eye health. Without proper treatment, dry eye disease can significantly affect daily activities and quality of life.
With advancements in eye care, modern treatment options now offer long-lasting relief and improved eye comfort.
What Is Dry Eye Disease?
Dry Eye Disease is a chronic condition in which the tear film fails to adequately lubricate the surface of the eye. A healthy tear film consists of three layers—oil, water, and mucus. Any imbalance in these layers can lead to dry eyes.
Common Causes of Dry Eye Disease
- Aging and hormonal changes
- Excessive screen time and digital eye strain
- Environmental factors (dust, pollution, air conditioning)
- Reduced blinking while using computers or mobiles
- Contact lens use
- Certain medications (antihistamines, antidepressants)
- Autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren’s syndrome
- Post-LASIK or cataract surgery
Symptoms of Dry Eye Disease
- Burning or stinging sensation
- Redness and irritation
- Gritty or sandy feeling in the eyes
- Blurred or fluctuating vision
- Excessive tearing (reflex tears)
- Sensitivity to light
- Eye fatigue
How Is Dry Eye Diagnosed?
An eye specialist may perform:
- Tear film evaluation
- Schirmer’s test (tear production test)
- Tear breakup time (TBUT)
- Meibomian gland assessment
- Ocular surface examination
Early diagnosis helps prevent complications such as corneal damage.
Modern Treatment Options for Dry Eye Disease
1. Artificial Tears & Lubricating Drops
Preservative-free eye drops provide immediate relief and improve lubrication.
2. Anti-Inflammatory Medications
Special eye drops reduce inflammation of the ocular surface.
3. Meibomian Gland Therapy
Advanced treatments help unblock oil glands to reduce tear evaporation.
4. Punctal Plugs
Tiny plugs inserted into tear ducts to retain natural tears.
5. Lifestyle & Digital Eye Care
- Follow the 20-20-20 rule
- Maintain proper hydration
- Reduce screen time
- Use humidifiers
Why Early Treatment Matters
Untreated dry eye disease can lead to:
- Corneal ulcers
- Infections
- Chronic eye discomfort
- Reduced visual quality
Timely treatment ensures comfort, protects vision, and improves daily life.